Spain’s economic narrative is one of profound transformation. Once a highly protected, state-heavy economy recovering from the deep recessions of the early 1990s, the country has navigated a turbulent quarter-century defined by the integration of the European Single Market, a massive property crash, a decade of strict austerity, and a remarkable post-COVID-19 resurgence.

Andalucía is a region rich in minerals. There are two distinct geological zones which are divided by the River Guadalquivir basin and its East North-East/West South-West axis.